general characteristics
Detection of Trichomonas vaginalis, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Neisseria gonorhoeae, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum by PCR (polymerase chain reaction). The material for PCR diagnostics is the DNA of the pathogen. The analysis process identifies DNA fragments that are specific to a particular sexually transmitted infection microorganism. PCR diagnostics of infections is especially effective for detecting difficult-to-cultivate, uncultivable microorganisms, latent infections with antigenic variability, as well as intracellular parasites. One analysis allows you to diagnose several different pathogens, if any available.
If the screening is positive?
If you are faced with an unpleasant diagnosis of papilloma, do not panic. As mentioned above, not all strains of the virus are highly carcinogenic, even if your type is a precancerous condition, this does not mean that you will die. Today, medicine is at a high level, so there are special methods for treating papilloma both intracellularly and eliminating its external manifestations.
The selection of drugs is carried out individually, as a rule, these are immunity-strengthening agents and drugs based on acyclovir. As for the external manifestation of the virus, laser destruction and cryodestruction help best. Both procedures are aimed at destroying tumor cells; in the case of laser coagulation, the laser beam is exposed, and in the case of cryo-destruction, the cells are killed with low-temperature liquid nitrogen.
Both manipulations are performed under local anesthesia and give a positive result. Most women and men ignore routine examinations with doctors, so it is likely that the virus is detected only when the disease has begun to progress. If there is already an initial cancerous condition, the woman is recommended to undergo a course of chemotherapy and remove the tumor surgically. The use of traditional therapy methods and self-diagnosis in such serious situations is impractical.
You know what HPV screening is, and at the first suspicion of the disease, you can go for a diagnosis. A timely diagnosis is the key to successful treatment. Even if the disease is not curable, it is possible to eliminate its visible manifestations and improve the quality of life through medication.
Everyone can correct their condition independently, as well as carry out prevention of this disease . It is very important to follow safety rules during sexual intercourse, using contraceptives with unfamiliar partners, take care of your immunity, try to eat more foods high in vitamins, and also treat urogenital infections in a timely manner. By following simple rules, you can protect yourself and your loved ones from the need to undergo complex screenings and diagnoses of cancer.
There are several types of tests to detect the HPV virus. Some of them show only the presence or absence of the virus in the body, while others also reveal the amount of each type of HPV. The choice of one or another diagnostic method is determined by the gynecologist.
Patient preparation rules
• For 2 days before collecting the material, do not use drugs of local importance (suppositories, douching, etc.), refrain from sexual intercourse • Donate before treatment or no earlier than 21 days after the end of the course of antibacterial, antimycotic therapy (if otherwise not determined by the attending physician).
• For 2 hours before taking material (except for scraping the mucous membrane of the cervical canal, chorionic villi, placental biopsy and endometrial biopsy), refrain from urinating. You can add this study to your cart on this page
Interpretation of screening test results
After receiving the diagnostic results, you should visit your doctor. The diagnosis is not made only by the results of the analysis. The doctor must evaluate the full picture (clinical manifestations, research data).
If the screening shows a positive result, then the patient is infected with HPV. There are several options for treatment tactics, which depend on the manifestation of the disease:
- The first option is that the HPV result is positive, but there are no symptoms of infection. The doctor prescribes antiviral, immunomodulatory drugs in a short course to strengthen the immune system and reduce the concentration of papillomavirus. The patient must lead a healthy lifestyle, eat quality foods, and promptly treat exacerbations of chronic diseases. Compliance with the recommendations prevents infection and complications.
- The second option is that the result is positive, there are warts on the person’s body. The doctor prescribes a long course of antiviral, immunomodulating agents, and vitamin preparations. The patient must avoid factors that provoke the disease and monitor the course of the pathology through annual screening. The doctor, together with the patient, decides on the method of removing warts: conservative or hardware methods.
If the test is negative, then the patient’s health is not in danger. In order to prevent infection with human papillomavirus infection, you should lead a healthy lifestyle, maintain a work and rest schedule, and avoid promiscuous sexual intercourse.
Human papillomavirus is a very common disease that infects 86% of the world's population. Despite this prevalence, today this disease is not curable; doctors can only stop its progression and avoid malignant formations. HPV screening, few people know what it is, but it is this procedure that allows you to determine the presence of this pathology and indicates the likelihood that papillomas will develop into a cancerous tumor.
Extended HPV screening: what is it in women, how is it done, reasons
Human papillomavirus is one of the most progressive diseases. This is the scourge of our time, and this disease is on a par with HIV. More than 70% of the planet's population is already infected with it, and every year the number of infected people increases by tens of thousands. The virus itself is dangerous only in certain cases.
The main thing is, if you notice new growths on the skin, contact a specialist. Using HPV screening, doctors determine the type of virus and its degree. Only after such a high-tech analysis is the patient prescribed therapeutic therapy associated with the use of antiviral and immunostimulating drugs.
The doctor also gives recommendations on how to remove tumors.
HPV screening shows the strain and concentration of the virus
External signs of the development of the disease
The first external signs of the disease appear in the form of one or more warts. Depending on how weakened a person’s immune system is, the number of growths can reach several hundred. This disease is called papillomatosis.
In women, the HPV virus can cause cervical cancer. According to statistics, people suffering from this type of cancer have genital condylomas in 8 out of 10 cases. It is these skin growths that are the main problem that threatens the lives of the beautiful half of humanity.
This virus leaves its “products of activity” not only on the internal genital organs. Often condylomas appear in the oral cavity, as well as on the labia and clitoris. When you notice the first symptoms, you should not delay diagnosis.
The sooner an infected person consults a doctor, the greater the chance of quickly overcoming the disease.
Pregnant girls are often exposed to HPV. The body of such people is subjected to great stress while carrying a child.
The epithelium of the genital organs, as well as the skin of the abdomen and chest, stretches, forming microdamages. In people infected with HPV, growths appear in such places. If such a problem arises during pregnancy, it should be solved in the first two trimesters. Otherwise, there may be complications during childbirth.
HPV may be responsible for causing cancer in different parts of the human body
Papillomavirus screening and basic investigations
Diagnosis is an important measure that allows you to identify HPV in the early stages of infection of the body.
Modern high-tech tests can show whether there is a tendency to develop malignant tumors. Doctors recommend regular examinations. This is especially true for women.
Screening is carried out once - before the age of 30 years. If the result is unsatisfactory, it is recommended to undergo a repeat test.
Even if a person undergoes a therapeutic course of treatment and gets rid of the problem, he still needs to systematically visit a specialist for diagnosis. Typically, such manipulations take place once every 3 years.
Screening for HPV
Screening is an integral part of diagnostic procedures related to preventing the development of cancer. For women, the analysis is taken by collecting biological material - a smear from the surface of the cervix. This operation is not dangerous and painless.
The only thing that needs to be provided is the days suitable for analysis. The procedure cannot be performed during menstruation. Thanks to modern medicine, the analysis result is almost 100% accurate. There is no need to re-screen.
If, according to the results of the analysis, the presence of at least one type of HPV is confirmed, the doctor will prescribe additional studies of a narrower profile.
The results of the screening form the basis for the treatment recommended by the doctor.
Types of screening
The screening itself can be carried out in several ways:
- Cytological PAP test (liquid type),
- Extended view screening,
- Chain reaction (PCR analysis).
The exact type of screening that a person infected with HPV needs to undergo is determined by the doctor. Papillomavirus has more than 130 varieties. Each individual type of study allows you to indicate the tendency of cells to transform into a malignant tumor.
PAP test
Pap test - what is it? This is an analysis of biological material - cervical scraping. After it is collected, the material is placed in a special liquid. This combination of skin cells and transport medium gives more accurate results than the conventional cytological method.
The advantage of the liquid method is the number of possible tests that can be performed using one biological material. This is achieved due to the special composition of the liquid medium.
It is this method that makes it possible to identify and detect HPV at the earliest stages of its existence in the human body. The analysis itself is carried out using the Bethesda method. The result of this is an assessment by which the doctor determines further actions, further diagnoses or prescribes treatment.
This method is used only in some countries, such as the USA and Great Britain, mainly in women over 30 years of age.
Pap test, cervical scraping analysis
Advanced Screening
Advanced screening determines oncogenic HPV types and the number of infected cells in the body. About 50 of these are known. And HPV HCR cervical screening identifies 15 dangerous types of the virus. Domestic medicine does not have the appropriate equipment, so the IF indicator in our country is 12.
If the test results for the presence of the virus are negative, this does not mean that the person is healthy. His body may be susceptible to the remaining three types of IF. The viral load is determined from a combination of indicators of all types of HPV, so this indicator will not be accurate.
What is very important is that there is a high carcinogenic risk of cancer from complex types of the disease. Therefore, doctors often advise undergoing another screening test.
Polymer chain reaction assay
PCR analysis is a completely different study. Diagnosing HPV using this method allows you to test biological material for the presence of all types of the virus, without any specific exception.
The polymer chain reaction does not require the detection of antibodies of the causative agent of the disease, but immediately identifies the virus. Thanks to this method, PCR results are more accurate than with a conventional cytological test.
The very principle of the study of a polymer reaction is to mix the cells of the pathogen and the reagent. Due to the reaction of the liquid to the nucleic acid, the test result will be 100% accurate.
DNA polymerase increases the number and volume of microbial microorganisms. At the same time, the number of polymers is increasing. Such operations are performed until the virus can be seen through a microscope. Such studies are inexpensive and simple, so they are carried out in many laboratories of domestic medical institutions. To carry out such an analysis use:
- DNA Matrix,
- elements connecting the ends of the biological material used,
- DNA polymerase
- chemical excipients,
- solution to create the required conditions for analysis.
The study itself consists of three main stages: elongation, denaturation and annealing. The analysis is performed in a circular manner up to 35 times, depending on the factors of a particular case.
In addition to detecting HPV, microorganisms of other diseases can also be determined in this way: chlamydia, candidiasis, HIV infection, mycoplasmosis, etc. The results are 100% accurate.
PCR analysis allows you to see the virus under a microscope
Advantages of the polymer chain reaction method
If we compare the polymer reaction method with other types of research, we can highlight the following advantages:
- Highly efficient. The polymer reaction assay is highly sensitive. Even a poorly taken sample will show a 100% high-quality result.
- Any type of biological material is suitable for polymer chain reaction research. To detect HPV, you can use: saliva, genital secretions, a drop of blood or skin cells. Most often, scraping of the damaged area of the epithelium is used.
- Quick results. When testing material for the presence of HPV, the result will be known within 4-5 hours after the end of the procedure.
- High accuracy of indicators.
- Possibility of determining several types of HPV from one biological sample. Such a study allows you to save not only time, but also money spent on diagnostics.
- Even a comprehensive polymer chain reaction examination has an acceptable cost.
- Availability. Such studies can be carried out in almost every medical laboratory.
Polymer chain reaction analysis is the most advantageous option for testing for the presence of HPV in the human body. This is due to the accuracy of the result and the ability to identify all types of the virus.
To test for PCR, it is enough to donate blood
What to do with screening results
Only after the person infected with HPV receives an answer to the presence and concentration of infectious DNA is a consultation with a specialist held. The doctor determines which treatment method is most suitable for a particular case. There are only two scales on the form with research results.
One is a negative indicator, the other is positive. Based on the posted response to the presence of a particular virus in the body, the doctor diagnoses the infected person with 99% accuracy and prescribes appropriate treatment.
Most often, to restore the patient’s health, immunostimulating drugs, antiviral agents and one of the methods for removing papillomas are prescribed.
External signs of HPV can be removed in several ways: surgery, laser or coagulation. Modern medicine is trying to solve the problem without using a scalpel, since after such an intervention scars remain on the skin.
If the tumors are located on open parts of the body: face, neck, palms, etc., then it is better to use a laser or coagulator for removal.
Operation with such devices will be faster, and restoration of functionality will not take more than one hour.
After laser surgery, no visible scars remain; after a few days, the area cleared of skin tumors acquires the shade of human skin.
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Source: https://kazandoctor.ru/kozhnye-zabolevaniya/papillomy/chto-takoe-screening-pri-vpch
Types of human papillomavirus
In total, about one hundred types of virus are isolated, which are divided into groups depending on the degree of carcinogenicity:
- with a high carcinogenic risk - HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 58, 59, 68;
- with low risk - HPV 6, 11, 42, 43, 44;
- non-carcinogenic - HPV 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Viruses of the first group are also called “highly oncogenic” or HCR HPV. The abbreviation HCR stands for “high carcinogenic risk,” that is, the likelihood of developing cancer in such forms is very high. Viruses 16 and 18 are considered the most dangerous.
If these viruses are detected, additional examination methods are prescribed: colposcopy (detailed examination of the cervix in a mirror) and smear for oncocytology (secret is taken from the cervix and examined under a microscope).
Viruses with a low risk of tumor development cause the development of genital warts. These formations are safe and can go away on their own.
Important! The presence of genital warts is a precancerous condition, so if they are detected, you need to be examined by a gynecologist at least once a year.
HPV types that do not promote tumor development cause warts and papillomas.
